ECONOMY
Foreign Exchange Policies and Their Impact on the Naira

Foreign Exchange Policies and Their Impact on the Naira
Foreign exchange policies shape the economic landscape of nations worldwide. Nigeria is no exception. The stability and value of the national currency, the Naira is tied to the effectiveness of these policies. The Naira is more than just a medium of exchange, it’s a symbol of Nigeria’s economic sovereignty and resilience. Therefore, it’s crucial to understand how various policies, decisions, and external factors can influence its strength, stability, and purchasing power.
Understanding Foreign Exchange Policies
Foreign exchange policies are important in the economic stability and growth of a nation. In the context of Nigeria, these policies are formulated and implemented by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). To comprehend the significance, we must first understand what foreign exchange policies entail and why they are vital.
Definition of Foreign Exchange Policies
Foreign exchange policies is a set of rules, regulations, and strategies adopted by a country’s central bank or government to manage the exchange rate of its currency.These policies are not mere bureaucratic exercises but rather powerful tools that can dictate the course of economic growth, trade dynamics, and overall prosperity within Nigeria’s borders.They determine how the Naira is traded on the international market and influence its value compared to other currencies.

Foreign Exchange Policies and Their Impact on the Naira
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is saddled with the responsibility of formulating, executing foreign exchange policies, oversees the buying and selling of foreign currency, controls the foreign exchange market, and intervenes when necessary to stabilize the Naira’s exchange rate.
The Various Foreign Exchange Policies in Nigeria
Over the years, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has implemented various foreign exchange policies to address economic challenges and achieve specific goals. Here are the policies:
- Fixed Exchange Rate System: Under this system, the CBN pegs the exchange rate of the Naira to a specific foreign currency, often the United States Dollar (USD). This provides a stable and predictable exchange rate and makes it easy for businesses to plan and invest. However, maintaining a fixed rate poses a challenge when economic conditions change leading to exchange rate misalignments.
- Managed Float System: Here, the exchange rate is not entirely free-floating but the CBN allows the Naira’s exchange rate to fluctuate within a specified range which offers more flexibility than the fixed rate system. This system aims to strike a balance between stability and market-driven rates so CBN intervenes in the foreign exchange market to stabilize the Naira when necessary.
- Multiple Exchange Rate System: Here different exchange rates apply to different sectors or transactions. For example, there may be one rate for essential imports like food and medicine and another for non-essential goods. This policy attempts to manage foreign exchange reserves and prioritize critical sectors but can lead to market distortions and arbitrage opportunities.
The effectiveness of these policies vary depending on factors like global economic conditions, government policies, and the CBN’s ability to manage them effectively. Additionally, public perception and confidence in these policies can greatly influence their success.
The implications of these policies extend far beyond the financial market, it touch the daily lives of ordinary Nigerians, affect prices of imported goods, the cost of living, and the overall economic stability of the country. Hence, understanding the impact of these policies on the Naira is not just an academic exercise but a critical aspect of Nigeria’s economic reality. It is therefore crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals in Nigeria to understand the intricacies of these policies and their impacts on the Naira as they navigate the complexities of the foreign exchange market.
Impact on the Naira
Here’s a detailed look at how foreign exchange policies impact the Naira:
- Exchange Rate Stability: One of the primary objectives of foreign exchange policies is to maintain stability in the exchange rate. A stable exchange rate is important for businesses, investors, and consumers, as it provides predictability and reduces uncertainty. Policies that successfully achieve this stability will contribute to strengthening the Naira.
- Exchange Rate Value: different exchange rate policies either appreciate or depreciate the Naira. For instance, a fixed exchange rate system may temporarily support the Naira’s value while a managed float system may allow it to adjust based on market forces. Evaluating how these policies affect the Naira’s purchasing power and competitiveness in international trade is very essential.
- Inflation: Foreign exchange policies can cause inflation. An overvalued Naira due to policies aimed at propping up its value can lead to imported inflation making imported goods more expensive for consumers. A depreciated Naira on the other hand can contribute to domestic inflation. It is very important to assess how these policies strike a balance between exchange rate stability and inflation control.
- Balance of Payments: Foreign exchange policies directly influence Nigeria’s balance of payments. Balance of payments tracks the country’s trade and financial transactions with the rest of the world. Policies that result in an overvalued Naira can lead to trade deficits as exports become less competitive. Conversely, a weaker Naira can boost exports but may also increase import costs.
- Economic Growth: Impact of foreign exchange policies on overall economic growth is multifaceted. Policies that encourage an inflow of foreign investment and maintain a competitive exchange rate can stimulate economic growth. However, excessive currency devaluation can lead to economic contraction which may spur inflation and erode consumer purchasing power.
- Investor Confidence: The stability and predictability of foreign exchange policies greatly influence investor confidence in Nigeria. Investors often seek environments where they can repatriate profits and investments without significant exchange rate risk. Policies that maintain a favorable investment climate can lead to increased foreign direct investment which can boost the Naira’s strength.
- Foreign Reserves: this is impacted as policies that maintain an overvalued Naira often require substantial foreign exchange reserves to defend the fixed rate while policies allowing market forces to determine the exchange rate may reduce the need for extensive reserves.
- Informal Markets: Policies that create large gaps between official and black market exchange rates lead to speculative activities and capital flight which negatively affect the Naira’s value.
Foreign exchange policies determine the Naira’s value, stability, and overall economic health. Its impact is multifaceted, affecting not only the financial sector but also the daily lives of its citizens. It is therefore necessary to craft an effective policy required to balance and ensure the Naira remains competitive while maintaining macroeconomic stability.
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BUSINESS
DealMakers AFRICA Recognizes Top Mergers, Acquisitions, and Dealmakers in West Africa

West Africa’s most significant mergers and acquisitions, along with the financial and legal advisers behind them, have been recognised in the recently released 2024 DealMakers AFRICA Annual Awards. The awards highlight transactions that have shaped the region’s corporate landscape, acknowledging the firms and individuals driving complex deals across industries.
The DealMakers AFRICA awards are determined primarily by objective criteria, assessing the value and number of transactions recorded. However, three categories—Deal of the Year, Private Equity Deal of the Year, and Individual DealMaker of the Year—are selected based on nominations from advisory firms. These are evaluated based on factors such as deal complexity, transformational impact, and potential value creation.

DealMakers AFRICA Recognizes Top Mergers, Acquisitions, and Dealmakers in West Africa
In the West Africa Deal of the Year category, four major transactions were shortlisted. These included Olam Agri’s acquisition of Avisen, Chappal Energies’ purchase of Equinor’s Nigerian business, Renaissance Africa Energy’s acquisition of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, and the acquisition of Flour Mills by Excelsior Shipping. The winning deal in this category was the acquisition of Shell Petroleum Development Company by Renaissance Africa Energy, a transaction that aligns with Nigeria’s broader objective of increasing local participation in the energy sector. The deal saw ownership of critical onshore assets consolidated under a consortium of Nigerian companies, reinforcing local players’ roles in the industry. PwC Nigeria, Banwo & Ighodalo, Clifford Chance, White & Case, and G. Elias served as advisers on the transaction.
For the Private Equity Deal of the Year, three deals were in contention, including CardinalStone Partners’ exit from i-Fitness to Verod, Verod and its partners’ investment in Moniepoint, and Adenia Partners’ sale of Cresta Paints to Uhuru Investment Partners. The award was given to CardinalStone Partners for its exit from i-Fitness to Verod, a deal expected to drive i-Fitness’ next growth phase through Verod’s operational expertise and financial backing. The transaction was facilitated by Rand Merchant Bank Nigeria, CardinalStone Capital Partners, Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie, and Olaniwun Ajayi.
The Individual DealMaker of the Year award, sponsored for the second consecutive year by PSG Capital, recognised five shortlisted professionals: Akinola Akinboboye of Deloitte, Ayotunde Owoigbe of Banwo & Ighodalo, Azeezah Muse-Sadiq of Banwo & Ighodalo, Daniel Adeoye of Verod, and Yewande Senbore of Olaniwun Ajayi. The award went to Daniel Adeoye, a partner at Verod, for his role in executing high-value transactions in the region.
Adenia Partners’ acquisition of Air Liquide subsidiaries across Africa was recognised with the DealMakers AFRICA Special Recognition award. The deal spanned 12 countries across three regions, with Adenia committing up to €30 million over the next five years to strengthen and expand the newly formed entity, Erium. The transaction was advised by Decrop Consulting, Asafo & Co, Fidal Avocats, Deloitte, DPGS & Alliance Partners, and ClassM.
The awards also acknowledged the top-performing financial and legal advisory firms in West Africa’s mergers and acquisitions landscape. PwC emerged as the leading financial adviser by deal value, followed by Rand Merchant Bank Nigeria, Citigroup Global Markets, and Treadstone Resource Partners. Rand Merchant Bank Nigeria and Stanbic IBTC Capital shared the top spot for financial advisory by deal activity.
Banwo & Ighodalo was named the top legal adviser by deal value, ahead of Clifford Chance, G. Elias, and White & Case. In terms of deal flow, Banwo & Ighodalo secured the top position, followed by Olaniwun Ajayi and Herbert Smith Freehills.
For equity transactions, Stanbic IBTC Capital was ranked the top financial adviser by transaction value, while Templars led as the top legal adviser in the same category. In debt transactions, Afreximbank ranked highest by value, while Olaniwun Ajayi led in legal advisory.
DealMakers AFRICA, which launched its awards in 2000 in South Africa and expanded to the rest of the continent in 2008, continues to highlight key transactions that shape African economies. The latest rankings reflect the growing sophistication of West Africa’s mergers and acquisitions landscape, as local and international firms navigate complex deals that are reshaping industries across the region.
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ECONOMY
The Pan African Farmers’ Organization (PAFO) and African Development Bank Strengthen Partnership to Support Small-Scale Farmers

The Pan African Farmers’ Organization (PAFO) and the African Development Bank (www.AfDB.org) are strengthening their collaboration to enhance support for small-scale farmers across Africa. A PAFO delegation led by its President, Ibrahima Coulibaly, visited the Bank’s headquarters on December 13, 2024, to advance the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed in October 2023.
Dr. Martin Fregene, Director of the Agriculture and Agro-industry, reaffirmed the Bank’s commitment to the partnership, highlighting its investments in agriculture, which have benefited over 14 million producers through initiatives that provide inputs and improve market access. He acknowledged persistent challenges in the sector and welcomed ideas from civil society organizations like PAFO to enhance the Bank’s impact.

The Pan African Farmers’ Organization (PAFO) and African Development Bank Strengthen Partnership to Support Small-Scale Farmers
Coulibaly outlined PAFO’s mission and strategic priorities to empower smallholder farmers and advocate for their rights, stressing the need for greater strategic support from the Bank to address challenges in agriculture, which has the potential to solve 80% of the continent’s problems.
The meeting culminated in plans to jointly host a High-Level Conference on Financing Small-Scale Farmers in the second quarter of 2025. This event will rally stakeholders to discuss the financial needs of small-scale farmers and explore sustainable solutions to improve livelihoods. Additionally, the two organizations agreed to develop a comprehensive action plan focusing on capacity building, technology integration, and access to finance, particularly for women and youth farmers.
“The Bank’s ‘Feed Africa’ strategy is an important step toward transforming Africa’s farming sector, and we are excited to work with the Bank to help shape this vision,” said Coulibaly. “Through this partnership, we are committed to helping farmers gain the support and resources they need to succeed, especially women and youth.”
This partnership aligns with the Bank’s ‘High 5’ priorities, particularly “Feed Africa,” and builds on its commitment to fostering collaboration with civil society organizations. The Bank recognizes the crucial role of such organizations in driving sustainable development.
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BUSINESS
Afreximbank and Ecobank partner to simplify trade and compliance for African businesses

The Ecobank Single Market Trade Hub connects registered businesses across Africa on a single platform, helping them benefit from opportunities in the unified market of 1.4 billion people created by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA)
African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) and Ecobank Group (www.Ecobank.com) have embarked on a collaboration aimed at simplifying trade and compliance for businesses in Africa by integrating Ecobank’s Single Market Trade Hub and Afreximbank’s MANSA Digital Repository Platform.

Afreximbank and Ecobank partner to simplify trade and compliance for African businesses
With the collaboration, African businesses will benefit from seamless shared services across the two platforms, with users of the Single Market Trade Hub able to easily leverage MANSA’s comprehensive database for efficient know-thy-customer (KYC) and customer due diligence (CDD) checks while MANSA platform users would, in turn, be able to directly connect to the Single Market Trade Hub to explore trade opportunities to expand their businesses across Africa.
The Ecobank Single Market Trade Hub connects registered businesses across Africa on a single platform, helping them benefit from opportunities in the unified market of 1.4 billion people created by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA). It serves as a one-stop repository for the AfCFTA by providing small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) and corporates with insights about the agreement while its online match-making feature enables importers and exporters to upload their profiles and showcase goods and services they offer, or wish to source, with the aim of finding partners within Africa. Once a match is found, connections are made via the platform and the transaction can be concluded leveraging on Ecobank’s trade and payment solutions in 35 African markets.
The MANSA Digital Repository Platform, or MANSA, is a one-stop-shop for due diligence matters on all African entities. As a centralised digital repository, MANSA seeks to eliminate information asymmetry and to increase intra-African trade and trade with the rest of the world. It drives and promotes good governance culture among African SMEs and creates visibility for their businesses while also supporting African entities to expand, diversify and add value to their export products at both the local and international levels. Entities onboarded unto MANSA are allotted an Africa Entity Identifier (AEI) code which enables them to leverage other Afreximbank products and initiatives.
MANSA is also a key digital solution at the Africa Trade Gateway (ATG) marketplace which houses a suite of digital platforms designed as a single window to enable Afreximbank better deliver on its mandate, providing critical services to support and promote intra-African trade and the implementation of the AfCFTA. The platform enables African entities to accelerate their business activities at the ATG marketplace by working with verified information on trusted counterparties.
The new collaboration is, therefore, enabling Ecobank and Afreximbank to provide a central solution to the key challenge of KYC compliance and access to business across 35 countries in Africa. The improved interoperability is expected to further streamline cross-border trade and compliance in Africa, fostering greater financial and economic integration on the continent.
Afreximbank is a pan-African multilateral financial institution established to finance and promote intra- and extra-African trade.
Ecobank Group is a leading private pan-African banking group with unrivalled African expertise.
Discover the Ecobank Single Market Trade Hub at www.TradeHub.Ecobank.com and MANSA at www.MANSAAfrica.com
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